John Patrick Shanley s Doubt A Parable, The Principal...

In John Patrick Shanley’s 2005 play, Doubt: A Parable, the principal of a Catholic school believes one of the teachers is making sexual advances on one of the boys. Shanley argues through this text that sexism in the Catholic Church in the 1960s placed children in danger. He does this by establishing a positive ethos, or ethical appeal, of one of the four characters, Sister Aloysius Beauvier, and then proceeding to limit her ability to protect her students because she is a woman. Shanley begins his establishment of Sister Aloysius as an ethical character in the stage directions introducing her. At the start of Scene II, Shanley writes, â€Å"The principal, Sister Aloysius Beauvier †¦ is in her fifties or sixties†¦ She wears a black bonnet and†¦show more content†¦This implies Aloysius holds a warm spot in her heart for the children, that she cares for them and views them as important. Despite this, she claims the â€Å"wits must be cold.† If the hear t is warm but the brain cold, then the interior thoughts and feelings of a person likely differ from the exterior presentation. In this, the audience may come to a sense that, when saying or acting in harsh ways such as accusing William London of giving himself a bloody nose, Aloysius is acting out of a place of warmth in her heart that wants to better the children and protect them (8). In perhaps the greatest addition to the credibility of Sister Aloysius, Shanley ascribes dialogues to her that states, â€Å"When you take a step to address wrongdoing, you are taking a step away from God† (20). In this, Aloysius appears to accept that chasing after someone who does wrong can be wrong in and of itself. She acknowledges the idea that fixing a problem can occasionally only be accomplished by working outside of the parameters set as morally or ethically good. She understands that by going after Father Flynn, she may sin. However, she proceeds anyways. She continues to attempt to protect the boys of her school and bring Father Flynn to the justice she believes he should be brought to. Through these words, she shows she is more than willing to put herself in harm’s way in order to protect her students. Self-sacrifice is oft times viewed in light of good moral standing. Through having Aloysius beShow MoreRelatedThe Bad Sleep Well By John Patrick Shanley Essay2179 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The bad sleep well.† This quote is actually the name of a 1960’s Japanese film directed by the world renowned director Akira Kurosawa. There isn’t much to say about the movie, but it has a key role in the 2005 Pulitzer Prize winner for Drama play Doubt: A Parable. Out of all of the places that the author John Patrick Shanley puts this quote is right at the first page before chapter one and after the preface with two other quotes. The location of the quote and what the quotes say give the reader

The Awakening By Kate Chopin Essay - 1459 Words

Gabriela Romero The Awakening By: Kate Chopin AP Literature Topic: 3 October 28, 2016 For as long as we can remember, the ideologies that society has set into motion regarding women on how to oppress them, has always been a constant issue. Years of control that women have had to face by being told how to act, what to do, how they should feel, and who they are in society, has always been a constant theme in women’s life. Society had oppressed women for so long, that they were afraid to do something completely different from what was portrayed as being right. Slowly, women started to find their voice, and were able to finally understand that their lives didn’t revolve around what their husbands or any other men in their lives needed and wanted. In the novel The Awakening by Kate Chopin, we see how the main character Edna Pontellier is slowly but surely able to overcome these barriers that were put into place by society, especially by three men in her life, Leonce Pontellier, Robert Lebrun, and her father the Colonel. Each man tried to either control or rep ress Edna, to stop her from exploring stuff that no woman would’ve never dared have tried back in the 1800s. These three men might have been different as to who they were in society, but they all shared that common goal to undermine Edna. Leonce Pontellier is a wealthy business man, whose ideals were based upon how society of his time felt they were supposed to be. The men were the ones who had to provide for theShow MoreRelatedThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1479 Words   |  6 PagesKate Chopin’s controversial novel, The Awakening, ignited turmoil because of her blatant disregard of the established 19th century perspective of women upholding strictly maternal and matrimonial responsibilities. Edna’s candid exploration of the restrictions on women through her liberal behavior in a conservative Victorian society makes her a literary symbol for feminist ideals. Despite denunciation from other people, Edna chooses individuality over conformity through her veering fro m traditionalRead MoreThe Awakening by Kate Chopin1102 Words   |  5 Pagesveracity of this quote as both find their independence by boldly exceeding the norm. Their stories were fashioned during a period of great change and both characters are hallmarks of the hope and power women were unearthing at the time. The Awakening by Kate Chopin and Tess of the D’Urbervilles by Thomas Hardy are novels concerned with the transformation of women’s roles in society. Their protagonists, Tess and Edna, are not outright feminists, but they are acutely aware of the limitations imposed uponRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1919 Words   |  8 PagesIn the novel, The Awakening, by Kate Chopin, we see how much of an importance the men in Edna’s life serve as a purpose to her awakening. Chopin is known to write stories about women who are unsatisfied with their lives while living in a life that is dominated by men. Other than Edna, the main men characters are typical men of the late 19th century era. Chopin shows how these three men are diverse from one another. The Creole men are Là ©once Pontellier, Edna’s husband, Robert, Edna’s mystery man numberRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin901 Words   |  4 Pagescandidly. Kate Chopin is honorably amongst this group of authors. Her works divinely portrayed the culture of New Orleans and the lives of Louisiana s Creole and Cajun residents. Chopin openly express her views on sex, marriage, and the injustices of women during the time. Kate Chopin’s novel, The Awakening, best exemplifies the contextual achievement of realism through the rejection of conformity, the exploration of love, and the weight of social opinion on individual choices. The Awakening is publishedRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1222 Words   |  5 Pages The Awakening By: Kate Chopin Emely Maldonado AP LIT Period 3 Topic 3 Maldonado 1 Displacement The late 1800s and the 1900s was a prison for woman’s individuality. During this time period, stereotypical views of women were commenced by society and men. In the era that the novel, The Awakening by Kate Chopin was published, the gender roles were graved in stone, men would work to maintain their family and women would adhere to the house-hold duties. Dissatisfaction with theRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1193 Words   |  5 PagesDavian Hart The Awakening By: Kate Chopin AP Literature Topic 3 Hart 1 Over the course of time the male species has always been the gender to attain the more favorable conditions. Numerous cultures heed to the belief that the man is the provider and head of his family. This machismo nature can condition the mind to believe that a man should feel superior to a woman. The continuous cycle of male superiority flows down from father to son subconsciously. Do to this unceasingRead MoreThe Awakening, By Kate Chopin887 Words   |  4 Pages Feminism has been a term used by many authors and writers for centuries, symbolizing women being able to use freedom the way they want to, not the way others want them to use it. Edna Pontellier, the main character in Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening, experiences an â€Å"awakening† in her life, where she discovers her position in the universe and goes in this direction instead of what others like her husband Leonce tell her to take, similar to the style of feminism. â€Å"In short, Mrs. Pontellier was beg inningRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1427 Words   |  6 Pagessuffering an imposition (Moderata). Throughout history, the inherent inferiority of women to men has often been cited as a way to deter women from becoming an individual and pursuing more in life. This notion is a prevalent issue in The Awakening by Kate Chopin; in which Edna fights to live her own way and is ultimately unable to survive in the cage of society. Not only has this supposed inferiority effected women for generations, but it has created inequality in our society today; especially inRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin1633 Words   |  7 Pages1. Title of text (underline novels/plays) author’s name The Awakening by Kate Chopin 2. Characterization Character Development (a) 1.Edna Pontellier- Edna is the main character of the novel who is married to a businessman. Edna is a dynamic character because at the beginning of the novel, she conforms to society by being the â€Å"perfect† mother and wife; however, Edna suddenly realizes that she is no longer happy with the way she was living her life and began to become independent only for herRead MoreThe Awakening By Kate Chopin915 Words   |  4 PagesMany of Kate Chopin’s writings are trademarked by her unique, deliberate word choices. Chopin uses phrases that do not make sense and seem to contradict themselves to get across a point. In two of her stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and â€Å"The Awakening,† Chopin’s word usage highlights the idea of self-discovery. â€Å"The Awakening† and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† share similar themes. â€Å"The Awakening† is the story of a woman in the late 1800s discovering her apathy for her traditional female role as a wife

Mental Health Nursing And Challanges †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Mental Health Nursing And Challanges. Answer: Introduction Mental health nursing is challenging work that involves supporting a persons recovery and enabling them to have control over their life. This essay focuses on my role as a mental health nurse in treating a 15 year old boy who had been suffering from acute depression and anxiety. Adam lives with his parents and his sister. He loves riding bikes and mountain racing. He adores his pet cat Roger and always cares for her. He was not addicted to any drugs or alcohol. Adam is very much attached to his grandmother. He considers his sister to be the only one who understands Adam. Adam dreams of becoming a pilot or a professional mountain bike rider. It should be mentioned beforehand that Adam had been a victim of child sexual abuse by his uncle. On discovering his misdeeds, his uncle was handed over to the cops. It was reported that the sexual abuse took place with Adam for almost 9 months. Recently on hearing the news of his uncles release from the jail, Adam has again re-entered in to depre ssion and has often attempted suicides. The whole essay is based on the recovery plan for Adam. This essay provides with a mental health assessment of Adam which focuses on the predisposing, perpetuating, precipitating and the protecting factors for this ailment. The later portion of the essay also throws light upon the differentnursing interventions for the self management of the disease. The report also discusses bout the use of the dialectical therapies in combination with the antipsychotics to treat the disorder. Mental State Assessment Of Justin Background: Adam was a 15 years old teenager, who had been suffering from borderline personality disorder. Adam stayed with his family. He was sexually abused by his uncle, when he was only 5 years old. Adam has been receiving treatments for depression since he was 10 years old. He had been received extensive counseling and anti depressant medications since he was 6 years old. Twice he was admitted to the local mental health facility due to his suicidal tendency. On hearing the news of his uncles release he has again entered a depressive phase. He had started skipping meals, stopped riding bikes, and stopped attending school. Appearance: Adam was tall and slim for his age, Caucasian with blue eyes and blonde hair. He had dark circles and his hair appeared unorganized. He was in green gym shorts, t-shirt and joggers. Behavior: was avoiding eye contact. He was clasping his hands during the interview, looking down at the floor. Mood and affect: Adam was quiet and sullen throughout the interview. He was responding to the question with just a yes or no. Speech: Adam talked slowly and almost in whispers. Cognition: Cognition is alright, except he often feels worn out and suicidal. Thoughts: Anxious, suicidal feeling, always feels depressed and tired. Perception: Considers himself to be responsible for all the problems in the family, including the disturbances in his parents marriage. He feels he is a failure and therefore should end his life. Insight and judgment: He denies thoughts of suicide but when asked about thoughts of self-harm he admits yeah. He expresses feeling guilty about all the troubles and holds himself responsible. Clinical formulation: The above mental assessment had provided us with the information regarding the psychological condition of Adam. From the signs shown by Adam, it is evident that he might have been suffering from post traumatic disorder after the sexual abuse. A persons experiences in childhood help to shape up the health and well being of a person throughout the life. Child sexual abuse can leave permanent scars on the brain of children that can have long term effects in future. It becomes very difficult for the victims to forget the pain and the trauma of the incident throughout his life. The small things can trigger intense reaction in them; they feel confused and unclear about their life. Acute depression and anxiety can lead them to suicides. In Adams case we can relate all the symptoms of a post trauma (Crowe, Carlyle Farmar, 2008). In Adams case, the presenting problem was that he was suffering from acute anxiety and depression and often thought of finishing himself. He had lost the appetite to attend school to peruse his dreams. He had also ceased practicing his favorite hobby. The news of release of his uncle who was in jail for few years in charge of child sexual abuse, is the precipitating factor. It was reported that Adams mother regularly felt guilty over the CSA. Adams parents were also suffering from problems in their marital life, although they were still together. Adam always found himself guilty of everything that has happened in the family, which can be considered as the perpetuating factors (Crowe, Carlyle Farmar, 2008). The protecting factors that would help Adam to come back to the normal pace of life are- his adherence to the therapeutics, sharing of the grievances to his parents, spending more time with his loved ones, be it his sister or his grandmother or his beloved cat. Adam should keep himself busy with constructive duties (Crowe, Carlyle Farmar, 2008). He should strive in his dreams of becoming a pilot or a professional mountain bike rider. Plan for the nursing care A set ofnursing interventions have been prepared taking into account, Maslows hierarchy of needs, which states- Physiological needs, Safety needs, Social belongings Esteem , self realization and self transcendence. Highest prioritynursing care needs To provide a conducive environment for him for refraining him from suicidal attempts. To help Adam to come out of the trauma regarding the CSA. Nursing interventions In order to provide psychological and spiritual support to Adam and to refrain him from suicidal attempts the caregiver should be able to create a non threatening environment for Adam, where Adam could share his concern. In order to assess the fear or the trauma in the patient, the caregiver should ask him about his back ground, child hood, relationships in a non threatening way (Easton, Renner OLeary, 2013). In case of treating post sexual assault trauma in teenagers it is essential to build up an environment of trust, as in most of the cases the patient is not willing to get the treatment such that he opens up his expressions (Townsend, 2014). A patient might not find it comfortable to discuss his past experiences with the caregiver; therefore maintenance of confidentiality is very necessary. Talk therapy is generally the first choice of treatment for the patient. Talk therapies are effective in reducing anger, suicidal attempts and self harm in patients (Jackson et al., 2014). As a registered nurse I should be able to provide a holistic care of approach for improving the overall functioning and social adjustment in Adam. Anti depressant and antipsychotic medications like selectiveserotonin reuptake inhibitor(SSRI)medications sertraline(Zoloft) andparoxetine(Paxil)can be given to Adam to relieve his depression to some extent (Pescosolido, 2013). Cognitive behavioral therapy can be applied to deal with patients like Adam. He should be taught how to calm down the emotional turmoil, to control tolerate distress and impulsivity. As a registered nurse I should be able to help Adam to gain control over his fears by changing his negative way of thinking. Adam should be taught to improve his interpersonal skills so that he is able to achieve his dreams. Clinical handover In this report an ISBAR handover had been provided. Identify- Adam, 15 years old, lives with his parents and his sister Situation- Adam had been showing acute signs of depression since the news of his uncles release from the jail. Background- Adam had been a victim of child sexual assault for nine months by his own uncle. Assessment- Feeling of self harm, depression, loss of appetite, feeling of exhaustion, withdrawal from the society. Recommendation- It is recommended that the patient requires sufficient psycotherapies therapies in combination with the medications. Medicines like Diazepam and Thiridazine can be administered. The triggering factors that can take him back to those traumatic times should be avoided. Therapeutic engagement and clinical interpretation The Therapeutic application in patient Post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be caused as an aftermath of the child sexual abuse. As child doesnt understand the sexual perspective of adults, an intentional exposure to these events can cause trauma in children, which may last till death, just as we can see in case of Adam that his doctors have already admitted that Adam may show recurrent episodes of suicide (Bison et al., 2013). Patients who are suffering from PTSD are always on a roller coaster ride of emotions (Evans, Lizette O'Brien, 2017). A holistic care of approach from the care givers and self recovery strategies can definitely bring about change in the life of the patients like Adam. As a registered nurse it is necessary to build up an interpersonal relationship with Adam, otherwise I will not be able to administer the treatment in a non threatening way (Evans, Lizette O'Brien, 2017). I should abide by the nursing codes of ethics and should maintain the confidentiality of Adams case. It has been mentioned earlier that psychosocial or talk therapies are capable of reducing the depressions in the patients. While caring for Adam, I have tried to understand his feelings and his concerned in an unbiased way. Acceptance of the different cultures and perceptions without judgment is another point of being a mental health care nurse (Townsend, 2014). There are different type of therapies that can be used for treating BPD, such as dialectical behavioral therapy, Metallization-based therapy (MBT), Transference-focused therapy (TFP), Good Psychiatric Management, Self-Care activities (Carman et al. 2012). Adam would require cognirtive behavioral therapy as it would teach him to control his emotions, reduce the self destructive behavior. (Carman et al. 2012). Cultural Safety For a nurse working in a mental health care, it is ready to accept the cultural diversity of the patients and respect them without any judgment (Cox, 2013a). A nurse-client relationship of trust cannot be built unless the nurse is able to cope up with the cultural background of the patient (Cox, 2013b). As the case of Adam is quite sensitive, I should deal with the matter sensitively and confidentially. The concept of cultural safety involves empowerment of the healthcare practitioner and the patient. The determinants of 'safe' care are defined by the recipient of care, Adam in this case. The main aim of the treatment had always been to provide comfort and safety to the patient, irrespective of any social stigma (Baldwin et al., 2014) Recovery-oriented Nursing Care In the assessment I have already discussed about the Maslows hierarchy of care. According to Maslows hierarchy physiological needs are the basic needs that are required for the well being of a person. It is evident from the case study that Adam was skipping his meals as he lacked the drive to have food or do any work. As a registered nurse it I my duty that Adam gets proper nutrition, hygiene, proper sleep , correct medications that would help to relax his muscles and brain (Ackley, Ladwig Makic, 2016). As a care giver I should be aware of Adams safety. I should come out of my boundaries to provide a holistic care approach to Adam. As a part of the cognitive behavioral therapy, I can ask my patient to confront with the traumatic event by thinking about his experience in detail. At that time I would help him to cope up with any distress that he is feeling (Jackson et al., 2014). I should try to create an environment such that the patient does not feel devalued. I should be able to set self recovery plans for Adam, such as avoiding mood altering drugs, quitting of drugs, eating a balance diet, minimizing stress, distraction from the triggers of depression. Adam should be taught how to deal with the different hurdles of life and thrive for his dream (Townsend, 2014). As a nurse I should administer he various relaxation techniques, such as taking short tests, taking him out on a walk. Thus it can be said that a proper psychological therapies is combination with medicines followed by a proper discharge plan can help to improve the life style of Adam. References Ackley, B. J., Ladwig, G. B., Makic, M. B. F. (2016).Nursing Diagnosis Handbook-E-Book: An Evidence-Based Guide to Planning Care. Elsevier Health Sciences. Angermeyer, M. C., Matschinger, H. (2003). The stigma of mental illness: effects of labelling on public attitudes towards people with mental disorder. Acta PsychiatricaScandinavica, 108(4), 304309. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.2003.00150.x Baldwin, D. S., Anderson, I. M., Nutt, D. J., Allgulander, C., Bandelow, B., den Boer, J. A., ... Malizia, A. (2014). Evidence-based pharmacological treatment of anxiety disorders, post-traumatic stress disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder: a revision of the 2005 guidelines from the British Association for Psychopharmacology.Journal of Psychopharmacology,28(5), 403-439. First PublishedApril 8, 2014Research Article. Bisson, J. I., Roberts, N. P., Andrew, M., Cooper, R., Lewis, C. (2013). Psychological therapies for chronic post?traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in adults.The Cochrane Library. DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD003388.pub4 Cox, L. (2013a). Cultural Safety in Introducing mental health nursing: a service user-oriented approach (2nd edition). Sydney: Allen Unwin. Cox, L. (2013b). Sociological understandings of mental health and Indigenous Social and Emotional Well-being. In Introducing mental health nursing: a service user-oriented approach (2nd edition). Sydney: Allen Unwin. Crowe, M., Carlyle, D., Farmar, R. (2008). Clinical formulation for mental health nursing practice. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 15(10), 800807. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.2008.01307.x Easton, S. D., Renner, L. M., OLeary, P. (2013). Suicide attempts among men with histories of child sexual abuse: Examining abuse severity, mental health, and masculine norms.Child Abuse Neglect,37(6), 380-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2012.11.007 Emily R., W., McEnany, G. P. (2015). Approaches to Reduce Physical Comorbidity in Individuals Diagnosed With Mental Illness. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing Mental Health Services, 53(2), 3237. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/docview/1651466901.origsite=summon#resolverCitation_preview_1 Evans, K., Lizette, D., O'Brien, A. (2017). Psychiatric and mental health nursing (4th ed.), Chatswood, NSW Elsevier Australia Jackson, J. C., Santoro, M. J., Ely, T. M., Boehm, L., Kiehl, A. L., Anderson, L. S., Ely, E. W. (2014). Improving patient care through the prism of psychology: application of Maslows hierarchy to sedation, delirium, and early mobility in the intensive care unit.Journal of critical care,29(3), 438-444. Karman, P., Kool, N., Poslawsky, I. E., van Meijel, B. (2015). Nurses attitudes towards self-harm: A literature review. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 22(1), 6575. doi:10.1111/jpm.12171 Kirmayer, L. J. (2012). Cultural competence and evidence-based practice in mental health: Epistemic communities and the politics of pluralism.Social science medicine,75(2), 249-256. Lyons, M. I., Zink, T., Koenen, K. C. (2012). Post-traumatic stress disorder.Principles of Psychiatric Genetics, 134.Ch.12 National survey of mental health and wellbeing: summary of results, 2007. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/Products/4326.0~2007 Pescosolido, B. A. (2013). The public stigma of mental illness: What do we think; what do we know; what can we prove? Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 54(1), 121. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org.ezp01.library.qut.edu.au/stable/43186830?pq-origsite=summonamp;seq=1#page_scan_tab_content. Sugaya, L., Hasin, D. S., Olfson, M., Lin, K. H., Grant, B. F., Blanco, C. (2012). Child physical abuse and adult mental health: a national study.Journal of traumatic stress,25(4), 384-392. DOI:10.1002/jts.21719 Townsend, M. C. (2014).Psychiatric mental health nursing: Concepts of care in evidence-based practice. FA Davis.

What is International Law Essays - Foreign Relations, Law

What is International Law? International law can be defined as a b ody of legal rules set for countries in dealing with each other. There are three legal processes which are identified in international law and they are Public international law, Private international law and supranational law. Public international law deals with the international entities such as the international criminal court and the relationship between sovereign states. Private law refers to that part of the law which is administered between private citizens of different countries and is concerned with the rights of these citizens. Supranational Law can be defined as a set of laws that sovereign states voluntarily submit to. The only globally accepted supranational tribunals are The United Nations Security Council and subordinate organizations such as the International Court of Justice ("What Is International Law" . n.d. ). What is Self - defence ? Self - Defence is defined as the use of reasonable force in protection of one's self, family or property. Self Defence is simple but it raises logical questions when applied to actual events which can be in itself complex or as simple as the definition of it. For example how does one know how much force is considered a reasonable force? Is it okay to kill an attacker as a victim in this situation? What if the attacker was provoked by the victim? When it comes to citizens of states of countries, self defence , have three basic laws of self- defence , they include Stand your Ground where in some states like Florida that passed this law in 2005 now allows a person to instead of trying to avoid the conflict first, a victim can use deadly force in a threatening situation if they see it needed. Meanwhile in some states like Massachusetts the Duty to Retreat law is still in effect and it states that any victim in a threatening position must first see k to retreat and if cornered, then is allowed to use deadly force. The Castle Doctrine law of self defence states that if there is an intruder within a victim's property, it is okay to use deadly force immediately ("Self-Defense Overview". n.d .). Self- Defence of a sovereign state to security threats as a member of the United Nations must follow rules of the charter in order to maintain peace and security. It is stated within the U . N Charter "Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self- defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security" ( U.N Charter art. 51, para . 1 ). Upon analysis we can note that in order for a member of the United Nations to take any self-defensi ve action the Security Council must deem it necessary, and first try to maintain international peace. Dealing with the contemporary security threats faced by Nations like terrorist bombing and declaration s of war, hacking, Economic attacks, this would not prove to be very efficient in dealing with them quickly, seeing that a country needs the permission of the inter-gover n mental organisation The United Nations Secu rity Council. Stated within the U.N C harter "All Members shall refrain in their international relations from the threat or use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the Purposes of the United Nations" ( U.N Charter art. 2, para . 4 ). The integral right of self-defence recognised in Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations "if an armed attack occurs" states that there is an exception to the statement prohibiting the use of force under U.N Charter article 2 paragraph 4 ( Wilmshurst , 2005). Upon further examination